Invasive lobular breast cancer: Prognosis and statistics

Invasive lobular carcinoma is the second most common type of breast cancer. It affects the lobules of the breast, which are the structures that contain the glands that produce breast milk. According to the American Cancer SocietyTrusted Source, about 10 percent of people who get invasive breast cancer have invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). Approximately 80 percentTrusted Source of people with invasive breast cancer have invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). It is the most common type of breast cancer, and it affects the ducts that carry milk through the breast. If a lobular breast cancer is invasive, this means that it has spread beyond the lobule to other parts of the breast. In some people, it spreads beyond the breast tissue into other parts of the body. ILC can develop at any age, but it tends to be more common in older people. Some evidence suggests that using hormonal replacement therapy after menopause may increase the riskTrusted Source. In this article, learn more about the prognosis and survival rates for ILC, as well as how doctors treat the disease. BEZZY COMMUNITY Shared Breast Cancer Stories and More Tap into community conversations discussing breast cancer diagnoses, backed by our powerful BC community. Bezzy BC: empowered by each other. Prognosis Laurent Hamels/Getty Images The prognosis (future outlook) after a cancer diagnosis depends on several factors, including: the size of the cancer whether the cancer has spread and where it has spread to a person’s age a person’s general state of health the effectiveness of the treatment the cancer grade, which measures how abnormal the cells appear at a microscopic level the results of certain markers, including estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2/neu The prognosis also varies depending on the stage of the cancer. A lower number means that the cancer is in an earlier stage, while a higher number means that the cancer has advanced. Survival rate A survival rate can show how many people with the same type and stage of cancer are still living 5 or more years after receiving the diagnosis. These statistics do not take age or overall health into consideration. In general, if doctors diagnose and treat cancer in the early stages, survival rates tend to be higher. If cancer has advanced, for example by spreading beyond the breast tissue, survival rates are likely to be lower. Depending on the stage of breast cancer, the general 5-year survival rates for women are: Stage 0 or 1: nearly 100 percent Stage 2: about 93 percent Stage 3: around 72 percent Stage 4: approximately 22 percent Treatment Doctors can treat ILC in two ways: locally and systemically. Local treatments for ILC target the tumor and the area that immediately surrounds it. These treatments can include surgery, such as a lumpectomy or mastectomy, or radiation therapy that directly attacks the cancer. Systemic treatments for ILC attack cancer cells that have spread beyond the breast tissue. Chemotherapy and hormonal therapy are the two main systemic treatments for ILC. Targeted therapies such as palbociclib or verzenio are often used for advanced stages, particularly stage 4 breast cancer. Depending on how advanced the cancer is, a doctor may recommend a combination of local and systemic treatments. Most invasive breast cancers (even stage 1) can be treated with a combination therapies such as surgery and hormonal therapy or surgery and radiation. An oncologist, or cancer specialist, will help determine the best treatment plan for each person. They will take several factors into account, including the person’s general health and the grade and stage of the cancer.

What causes high testosterone in women?

While testosterone is considered a male sex hormone, females produce small amounts in the ovaries and adrenal glands. High levels can be caused by certain conditions and may affect physical appearance and overall health. Together with the female sex hormone estrogen, testosterone plays a role in the growth and maintenance of female reproductive tissue and bone mass. These hormones also influence behavior. In this article, learn about conditions that cause high testosterone in females, as well as about symptoms and treatment. A note about sex and gender Sex and gender exist on spectrums. This article will use the terms, “male,” “female,” or both to refer to sex assigned at birth. Click here to learn more. ‘Normal’ testosterone levels According to the American Urology Association, average blood levels of testosterone in males are at least 300 nanograms per deciliter (ng/dL). Females secrete much lower amounts, with average levels considered to be between 15 and 70 ng/dL. The level of hormones produced in the body varies each day and throughout the day. However, testosterone levels are generally highest in the morning. Symptoms of high testosterone in females Symptoms of high testosterone in females may include mood changes, a deep voice, thinning hair, and acne. Image credit: iStock Testosterone imbalances in females can affect their physical appearance and overall health. Symptoms of high testosterone in females includeTrusted Source: acne deep voice excess hair on the face and body increased muscle mass irregular periods larger-than-average clitoris loss of libido mood changes reduction in breast size thinning hair Severely high levels of testosterone in females can cause obesity and infertility. Causes of high testosterone in females High testosterone in females is usually caused by an underlying medical condition, such as: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) CAH is the term given to a group of inherited disorders that affect the adrenal glands. These glands secreteTrusted Source the hormones cortisol and aldosterone, which play a role in managing metabolism and blood pressure. The adrenal glands also produce the male sex hormones DHEA and testosterone. People with CAH lack one of the enzymes necessary to regulate the production of these hormones, so they secrete too little cortisol and too much testosterone. CAH may be mild (nonclassic CAH) or severe (classic CAH). Symptoms in females includeTrusted Source: deep voice early appearance of pubic hair enlarged clitoris excess body hair facial hair irregular or absent menstrual periods severe acne shorter height as an adult after rapid childhood growth While there is no cure for CAH, most people with the condition can receive treatment that will reduce symptoms and improve their quality of life. Hirsutism Hirsutism is characterized by unwanted hair growth in females. It is a hormonal condition thought to be linked to genetics. Symptoms include male-pattern hair growth that is dark and coarse. It typically affects the: back chest face In cases of excessively high testosterone, other symptoms will also be present, includingTrusted Source: acne balding deepening voice enlarged clitoris increased muscle mass reduced breast size Home remedies and medical treatments help many people control the symptoms of hirsutism. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) PCOS is a common hormonal disorder that affects females of reproductive age. It is estimated that PCOS affects between 6–12%Trusted Source of people in the United States. People are not usually diagnosed until they are in their 20s and 30s. However, children as young as 11 years old can be affected. Symptoms of PCOS includeTrusted Source: enlarged ovaries that develop follicles and do not release eggs regularly excess body hair irregular, infrequent, or long menstrual periods PCOS may leadTrusted Source to several health complications, including: depression heart disease infertility miscarriage obesity sleep apnea type 2 diabetes Doctors do not know what causes PCOS, although excess insulin and genetics may playTrusted Source a role.

What is female ejaculation?

Female ejaculation is when a female’s urethra expels fluid during sex. It can happen during arousal, but there is not necessarily an association with having an orgasm. Scientists do not fully understand female ejaculation, and there is limited research on how it works and its purpose. Female ejaculation is normal, although researchers remain divided on how many people experience it. In this article, we look at the current thinking on the mechanisms, purpose, and frequency of female ejaculation. What is it? helivideo/Getty Images Female ejaculation refers to the expulsion of fluid from a female’s urethra during orgasm or sexual arousal. The urethra is the duct that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. There are two different typesTrusted Source of female ejaculate: Ejaculate fluid This type more closely resembles male semen. It is typically thick and appears milky. The paraurethral glands produce this fluidTrusted Source. Other names for these glands include Skene’s glandsTrusted Source, Garter’s duct, and female prostate. Analysis has shown that the fluid contains prostatic acid phosphatase (PSA). PSA is an enzyme present in male semen that helps sperm motility. In addition, female ejaculate usually contains fructose, a form of sugar. Fructose is also generally present in male semen, where it acts as an energy source for sperm. Squirting fluid This fluid is usually colorless and odorless. It originates in the bladder and is similarTrusted Source in composition to urine. This fluid can sometimes contain PSA, and a person typically expels this fluid in greater quantities than ejaculate. Is it real? Researchers have confirmed the existence and origin of both female ejaculate fluid and squirting fluid. A 2020 reviewTrusted Source concluded that there is “sufficient evidence” to support the existence of female ejaculation, but further research is necessary to assess its chemical composition. Other studies have also confirmed the physical origin of squirting fluid and its ties with physical arousal, A small 2022 studyTrusted Source involved doctors injecting a colored dye into the bladder of several participants before providing sexual stimulation. It was confirmed that the expelled fluid in squirting contained the dye administered. In a 2014 studyTrusted Source researchers used ultrasound to monitor women during self-stimulation. The study found that all the women started with an empty bladder, which began to fill during arousal. The post-ejaculation scans revealed that the participants’ bladders were empty again. Is it normal and how common is it? The secretion of fluids during arousal and stimulation is normal. People may produce different volumes of different fluids depending on circumstance and stimulus. The authors of a 2013 review estimated that 10-54%Trusted Source of women experience female ejaculation. However, it is difficult to fully assess the rate at which people experience it. Some people may secrete fluid during arousal without noticing. It is possible that they are not aware of it because the fluid can flow backward into the bladder rather than leaving the body. What is known is that the experience of female ejaculation, including the feeling, triggers, and amount of ejaculation, varies considerably from person to person. Are there any health benefits? There is no evidence that female ejaculation has any health benefits. However, research has found sex itself to offer several benefits. During orgasm, the body releases pain-relieving hormones that can help with back and leg pain, headaches, and menstrual cramps. Immediately after climaxing, the body releases hormones that promote restful sleep. These hormones include prolactin and oxytocin. Other health benefits include: relieving stress boosting the immune system protecting against heart disease lowering blood pressure Learn more about the health benefits of sexual intercourse here. Connection to the menstrual cycle It is not clear whether or not there is a link between female ejaculation and the menstrual cycle. Some women say that they are more likely to ejaculate after ovulating and before menstruating, while others do not see a connection. More research is necessary to confirm or refute this association. Connection to pregnancy Some scientists believe that female ejaculate plays a role in pregnancy. They think this because the fluid contains PSA and fructose, which help sperm on their journey toward an unfertilized egg. Others dispute this theory, however. They argue that ejaculate usually contains urine, which can kill sperm. They also say that it is not easy for the fluid to travel from the urethra to the vagina, where it would need to be to play a role in pregnancy. Frequently asked questions Below are some frequently asked questions about female ejaculation. Is female ejaculation the same as squirting? Female ejaculate and squirting fluid are two distinct fluids that originate from different parts of the body. While they are not the same thing, the body may produce one or both in response to similar states of arousal or sexual stimulus. Is there a connection between female ejaculation and the G-spot The G-spot is a colloquial term for an area of the vaginal wall in front of the paraurethral glands. These glands produce female ejaculate during stimulation and arousal. Takeaway Female ejaculation is perfectly normal, and research suggests that it may be common despite people rarely discussing it. Scientists do not fully understand the biological purpose of female ejaculation or how it works. The experience of females who have ejaculated during sex varies co

What to know about dermoid cysts

A dermoid cyst is a sac of cells containing tissues that are usually present on the skin’s surface. They form during fetal development and grow slowly, so a person may not notice them until late childhood or adulthood. Dermoid cysts are usuallyTrusted Source noncancerous, or benign. While doctors do not know exactly why they occur, all dermoid cysts are congenital, meaning a person has them from birth. The cysts may continue to grow slowly, and people need surgery to remove them. A dermoid cyst is a small sac of cells that is present from birth. It is a type of benign tumor. Skin cells grow inside the cyst, complete with hair follicles and glands that secrete sweat and oil. The skin cells inside the cyst grow and multiply just like external ones, but the dead cells and old secretions build up inside. Over time, the cyst grows and can encroach into nearby bones, nerves, or organs. People usually discover most dermoid cysts during childhood before the age of 5 yearsTrusted Source, but they can remain unnoticed until adulthood. Dermoid cysts usually grow in the head, face, and neck region, but they can form anywhere in the body. They appear as dome-shaped lumps just under the skin. MostTrusted Source dermoid cysts occur in the periorbital region, the area around the eye socket. Many people get them along the outer edge of one eyebrow. More rarely, dermoid cysts can grow in the nasal cavities and sinuses. A 2020 studyTrusted Source estimates that around 11% of dermoid cysts in the head and neck area will be in the nasal region. Dermoid cysts can also grow on a person’s ovaries. A 2016 study explains that, although ovarian dermoid cysts are present from birth, doctors may not discover them until the person is 20–40 years old. Rarely, dermoid cysts can growTrusted Source or extend into a person’s brain or spine. ADVERTISEMENT Manage your mental health from anywhere Speak to BetterHelp’s licensed therapists about your mental health by video sessions or live chats to receive ongoing care. Plans start at $60 per week + 10% off your first month. Symptoms The symptoms depend on where the cyst is. MostTrusted Source dermoid cysts grow slowly and appear as a lump underneath the skin. However, if they push against a bone, they can make it grow irregularly. Periorbital dermoid cysts may appearTrusted Source as a painless bump on the eyebrow. The eye area may inflame and swell if the cysts burst or become infected. People with dermoid cysts in the nasal areaTrusted Source may experience swelling and a blocked or runny nose. Most people with ovarian cysts do not experience any symptoms. However, some people may have pain or discomfort in one side of the lower belly area. Symptoms of cysts in the brain or spine vary depending on their precise location. Some people experience: back pain weakness in their limbs persistent headaches Causes Dermoid cysts occurTrusted Source while a fetus is developing. While the fetus is in the embryonic stage, skin cells and structures get trapped in the wrong place and form a cyst. However, doctors and researchers do not fully understand why this happens. Diagnosis Doctors can often diagnose dermoid cysts with a physical exam. Periorbital dermoid cysts tend to look and feel similar and are usuallyTrusted Source on the outer third of the eyebrow. If doctors are concerned about the cyst growing into nerves, blood vessels, or a person’s eye, they may recommend imaging tests, such as a CT or MRI scan. These tests also help doctors diagnose people with cysts that are deeper in the body, such as the spine or brain. For ovarian cysts, doctors usually perform a pelvic exam or use a transvaginal ultrasound. For this test, doctors insert the ultrasound wand into the person’s vagina to look for any abnormal growths.

Women's Health / Gynecology

What is Oriahnn? Oriahnn is a brand-name prescription drug. It’s FDA-approved to reduce heavy menstrual bleeding caused by uterine fibroids (noncancerous tumors on the uterus). Oriahnn is used in adults who haven’t gone through menopause. Oriahnn should not be used for more than 24 months because of the risk of bone loss. (For more information on bone loss, refer to the “Oriahnn side effects” section below.) Drug details Oriahnn contains three active drugs: elagolix, estradiol, and norethindrone acetate. Elagolix belongs to a group of drugs called gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists. Estradiol is a type of estrogen hormone, and norethindrone acetate is a type of progestin hormone. Oriahnn lightens your periods by lowering the sex hormone levels in your body. Oriahnn comes as two separate capsules that you swallow. Each capsule is taken at a different time each day. The white and yellow capsule contains 300 milligrams (mg) of elagolix, 1 mg of estradiol, and 0.5 mg of norethindrone acetate. You’ll likely take the white and yellow capsule once per day in the morning. The white and blue capsule contains 300 mg of elagolix. You’ll likely take the white and blue capsule once per day in the evening. FDA approval In 2020, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Oriahnn to treat heavy menstrual bleeding related to uterine fibroids. Effectiveness To learn about the effectiveness of Oriahnn, refer to the “Oriahnn uses” section below. Oriahnn side effects Oriahnn can cause mild or serious side effects. The following lists contain some of the key side effects that may occur while taking Oriahnn. These lists don’t include all possible side effects. For more information about the possible side effects of Oriahnn, talk with your doctor or pharmacist. They can give you tips on how to deal with any side effects that may be bothersome. Note: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) tracks side effects of drugs it has approved. If you would like to notify the FDA about a side effect you’ve had with Oriahnn, you can do so through MedWatch. Mild side effects Mild side effects of Oriahnn can include:* fatigue headache hot flashes† abnormal uterine bleeding,† such as spotting or bleeding between periods Most of these side effects may go away within a few days or a couple of weeks. But if they become more severe or don’t go away, talk with your doctor or pharmacist. * This is a partial list of mild side effects from Oriahnn. To learn about other mild side effects, talk with your doctor or pharmacist, or visit Oriahnn’s prescribing information. † For more information about this side effect, refer to “Side effect details” below. Serious side effects Serious side effects from Oriahnn aren’t common, but they can occur. Call your doctor right away if you have serious side effects. Call 911 or your local emergency number if your symptoms feel life threatening or if you think you’re having a medical emergency. Serious side effects and their symptoms can include: Gallbladder disease. Symptoms can include: dark-colored urine fever jaundice (yellowing of your skin or the whites of your eyes) loss of appetite nausea and vomiting sudden abdominal (belly) pain Hypertension (high blood pressure). This condition doesn’t usually cause any symptoms. High blood sugar. Symptoms can include: feeling more thirsty than usual urinating more often than usual High cholesterol. This condition doesn’t usually cause any symptoms. Liver problems. Symptoms can include: dark-colored urine fatigue jaundice nausea and vomiting upper-right abdominal pain Hair thinning or hair loss, which may or may not be reversible Allergic reaction.* Blood clots and blood vessel disorders,*† such as heart attack or stroke. Bone loss.* Mood changes, including suicidal thoughts and behaviors.* * For more information about these side effects, refer to “Side effect details” below. † Oriahnn has a boxed warningTrusted Source for this side effect. A boxed warning is the most serious warning from the FDA. For more information, refer to “Side effect details” below. Side effect details You may wonder how often certain side effects occur with this drug. Here’s some detail on certain side effects this drug may cause. Allergic reaction As with most drugs, some people can have an allergic reaction after taking Oriahnn. Some people may have an allergic reaction to the drug itself. Other people may have a reaction to a certain ingredient in Oriahnn called yellow No. 5. (To learn more, refer to “Can I take Oriahnn if I’m allergic to food coloring, food dyes, or aspirin?” under “Common questions related to Oriahnn” below.) It isn’t known how many people in clinical trials had an allergic reaction to Oriahnn or yellow No. 5. Symptoms of a mild allergic reaction can include: skin rash itchiness flushing A more severe allergic reaction is rare but possible. Symptoms of a severe allergic reaction can include: swelling under your skin, typically in your eyelids, lips, hands, or feet swelling of your tongue, mouth, or throat trouble breathing Call your doctor right away if you have an allergic reaction to Oriahnn, as the reaction could become severe. Call 911 or your local emergency number if your symptoms feel life threatening or if you think you’re having a medical emergency. Blood clots and blood vessel disorders In some people, taking Oriahnn can increase the risk of developing blood clots and blood vessel disorders, such as heart attack or stroke. Oriahnn has a boxed warningTrusted Source for this side effect. A boxed warning is the most serious warning from the FDA. Certain people may have a higher risk of developing blood clots or blood vessel disorders with Oriahnn. This includes people older than age 35 years who smoke. It also includes people who have obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol, or unmanaged hypertension (high blood pressure). Blood clots Taking Oriahnn can raise your risk for blood clots. Types of blood clots that could occur with Oriahnn include: deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a blood clot in a deep vein pulmonary embolism (PE), a blood clot in the lungs retinal vein thrombosis, a blood clot in the retina (a layer of tissue in the back of your eye) Symptoms of DVTs and PEs may include pain in your arm, chest, or leg, or swelling in your leg or arm. You could also experience trouble breathing or warmth in the affected area. Symptoms of a blood clot in the retina may include bulging eyes, double vision, migraine. Symptoms also include sudden vision changes in one eye, such as loss of vision or blurry vision. In clinical trials, adults were given either Oriahnn or a placebo (a treatment with no active drug) to treat their heavy menstrual bleeding. Of the people taking Oriahnn: 0.2% had a DVT after taking Oriahnn for 30 days 0.2% had a PE after taking Oriahnn for 8 months It isn’t known how many people who took a placebo had a DVT or PE. In addition, it isn’t known how many people had a blood clot in their retina after taking Oriahnn or a placebo. If you’re concerned about your risk for blood clots while taking Oriahnn, talk with your doctor. Heart attack Oriahnn treatment may increase the risk of a heart attack. The percentage of people who may have had a heart attack while taking Oriahnn in clinical trials isn’t known. Symptoms of a heart attack include a tightness, squeezing, pressure, or pain in your chest that may spread to your neck, back, or jaw. If you’re concerned about your risk for a heart attack during your Oriahnn treatment, talk with your doctor. Stroke Taking Oriahnn may raise the risk of a stroke. The percentage of people who may have had a stroke while taking Oriahnn in clinical trials isn’t known. Symptoms of a stroke include: severe headache trouble seeing, speaking, or walking weakness in one side of your face, one leg, or one arm If you’re concerned about your risk for a stroke while taking Oriahnn, talk with your doctor.

Pregnancy Can Be Anxious Time for Women With Epilepsy

"The good news is we did not find that pregnant women with epilepsy were any more likely to have episodes of major depression than the other two groups," said study author Dr. Kimford Meador, a professor of neurology at Stanford University School of Medicine, and a fellow of the American Academy of Neurology. "However, these results underscore the importance of regularly screening pregnant women with epilepsy for any signs of depression or anxiety and providing effective treatment," he said. The new study included 331 women who were pregnant and had epilepsy, 102 pregnant women without epilepsy, and 102 women who had epilepsy but were not pregnant. Researchers met with the pregnant women during each trimester, near their delivery and every three months until nine months afterward, screening them for depression, anxiety and other psychiatric disorders. The researchers met with the women who were not pregnant at comparable time points. They found that pregnant women with epilepsy were more likely to have symptoms of depression during pregnancy than the women with epilepsy who were not pregnant. After giving birth, they were more likely to have depression symptoms than both other groups. During pregnancy, the women with epilepsy had an average score of 7 on a test of depression symptoms, compared to an average score of 6 for pregnant women without epilepsy. Women who were not pregnant but had epilepsy had an average score of 5. A score of 10 or higher shows mild mood disturbance. Compared to both other groups, pregnant women with epilepsy also had more symptoms of anxiety. On a test of anxiety symptoms, they scored a 6, while the other groups scored a 5. A score of 8 or more indicates mild anxiety. The investigators found no evidence of major depression, but they did identify risk factors. They included more than one seizure in the past three months; taking more than one epilepsy drug; having an unplanned pregnancy, and a history of mood disorders. The findings were published Aug. 17 in Neurology. "Depression is often under-recognized in people with epilepsy, yet we know that effective management of depression can improve people’s quality of life and their overall outcomes for epilepsy treatment, so women with epilepsy should be monitored closely during pregnancy and evaluated when they are thinking about planning a pregnancy," Meador said in a journal news release. The researchers noted that the study had several limitations. It did not include enough women to fully evaluate the impact of individual epilepsy medications on symptoms of depression and anxiety. In addition, they said participants may not have recalled symptoms that occurred between study visits.

Pregnancy and Body Image in a Post-Roe World

My friend Heather was recently describing her experiences after the birth of her first child: “Every day was overwhelming. It was like taking a test I hadn’t studied for over and over again. Meanwhile, everyone seemed to think my life should go back to ‘normal’ immediately. I should go back to work, sleep through the night, and my body should return to its pre-baby form. None of that was happening for me, and it was depressing.” Portrait of young pregnant woman standing by the window (GETTY IMAGES) There are times during women’s lives that involve dramatic physical changes, including puberty, pregnancy and menopause. Hormonal changes are implicated in all of these physical transformations, but the experiences of growing a fetus during pregnancy, delivering a baby and nursing a child can take an especially far-reaching toll – emotionally and physically. Body Dissatisfaction After Pregnancy Research suggests that body dissatisfaction often dominates the postpartum experience. On the one hand, this probably seems completely commonsensical, while on the other, our cultural dialogue about “getting your pre-baby body back” seems to dominate discussions of pregnancy and women’s bodies suggesting that postpartum body dissatisfaction is a simple problem to solve. Women report a great deal of concern about stretch marks, changes to their breasts and overall weight gain associated with pregnancy. These concerns are not merely superficial. One recent study even suggests that poor body image is often associated with depression postpartum. My friend may have felt like she was the only one not living up to social expectations postpartum, but the research suggests otherwise. [ READ: What Is an Ectopic Pregnancy? ] Breastfeeding and Disordered Eating Further, women who are dissatisfied with their bodies are more likely to stop breastfeeding before six months and report more embarrassment about breastfeeding. In some of my own research, my colleagues and I found that women with more body image concerns were not only likely to stop breastfeeding but also engage in disordered eating. All of this research suggests that the consequences of women’s body dissatisfaction postpartum may affect not just women but also their children. I’ve been thinking about all of this a lot in the last few weeks as the realities of a post-Roe world settle in. There are many physical and mental health challenges and complications associated with pregnancy. Although past research examining links between body image and pregnancy do not tend to ask women if they desired their pregnancies, it's likely that women who agree to participate in such research were glad to be pregnant and have a child. And yet, many of these women struggled with their body image and this had real consequences for their mental and behavioral health. [ READ: Natural Birth Control Methods: Do They Work? ] The Physical Changes of Pregnancy One of my former students, Lily, shared that she was surprised that books about motherhood gloss over all the physical changes associated with pregnancy. She joked that being told to view stretch marks as a badge of honor is not especially helpful. Lily told me that the messaging about, “getting your pre-baby body back” felt so toxic to her that it really contributed to her dislike of being pregnant and her postpartum body dissatisfaction. Of course, the experience of pregnancy doesn’t always leave women dissatisfied with their bodies. I know more than one woman who felt empowered by her pregnancy and valued her body less for what it looked like and more for what it was capable of postpartum – even while in the throes of sleep-deprivation. My friend Katie was trying to get pregnant with her second child when she learned that she had breast cancer. What followed was (successful!) cancer treatment, IVF and eventually a second son. Those years were scary, but the desire to be around to parent her son and have another child were ever-present. Today, she is so grateful for all that her body has been able to withstand and the two boys that she adores. But even she will admit that it’s hard not to wish for her pre-baby body. [ READ: How to Find a Good Fertility Clinic. ] The Consequences of Unintended Pregnancies It’s difficult to imagine how unintended pregnancies – in some cases, the result of incest or rape – that women are forced to carry, will not have devastating consequences for women’s body image and their mental health in general. There’s a lot women can’t control when it comes to their ability to get pregnant, to carry a pregnancy to term, to deliver a healthy child and to physically and psychologically recover from these experiences. Women deserve body autonomy when it comes to deciding to embark on this journey.

Family History of Mental Illness Ups Odds for Postpartum Depression

By Amy Norton HealthDay Reporter (HEALTHDAY) MONDAY, Aug. 22, 2022 (HealthDay News) -- Pregnant women with a family history of any mental health condition may be at increased risk of depression after giving birth, a new research review finds. Recommended Videos Powered by AnyClip Queen's family rush to side of ailing monarch 45 Play Video Queen's family rush to side of ailing monarchNOW PLAYING Queen's family rush to side of ailing monarch Lack of youth sports leaving kids depressed COVID-19 becomes the second-worst pandemic in U.S. history Psychologist offers mental advice for dealing with coronavirus In an analysis of 26 studies, researchers found that women with a family history of psychiatric diagnoses were at heightened risk of postpartum depression. On average, they were twice as likely to be diagnosed with the condition as women with no such family history. The findings — published online Aug. 17 in JAMA Psychiatry — don't mean that family history dooms some women to developing depression after giving birth. Simply having a risk factor "does not automatically result in postpartum depression," said lead researcher Mette-Marie Zacher Kjeldsen of Aarhus University in Denmark. But, she said, it's important to know what factors make some women more vulnerable to the condition and the extent of the added risk. Postpartum depression is common. In the United States alone, roughly one in eight women report depression symptoms soon after giving birth, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines say that all new mothers should be screened for postpartum depression, by both their obstetrician and their baby's pediatrician, the doctor who may see them most often. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends screening moms during babies' routine check-ups over the first six months of life. But while any new mother can develop depression, there are some factors that raise the risk. Those include a history of depression before pregnancy, or having little support from family and friends. When it comes to mental health in general, Kjeldsen said, it's well known that family history matters: Studies looking at various psychiatric conditions have consistently found it to be a risk factor. But the new findings help "quantify" the impact of family history on the risk of postpartum depression, said Anna Bauer, an assistant professor of psychiatry at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine. Beyond that, Bauer said, it appears to be family history of any psychiatric condition — not only depression — that matters. Bauer, who was not involved in the study, said that while no one can change their family history, it's important to understand its role as a risk factor for postpartum depression. Doctors may, for instance, want to screen those new mothers for depression more often. As for why family members' mental health matters, Kjeldsen said past research suggests it's a combination of genes and environment. Family members may share some genes that make them more vulnerable to psychiatric conditions — and they may also share life experiences and exposures that do the same. Plus, Kjeldsen pointed out, there's the role of family support. If a woman's family members are struggling with their own mental health issues, she might not get the support she needs after giving birth. The findings are based on more than 100,000 women who participated in 26 studies across the globe. They were considered to have a family history if a "close or extended family member" had ever suffered from a psychiatric disorder (usually based on the women's own reports, collected before any diagnosis of postpartum depression). Overall, the study found, those women had twice the risk of being diagnosed with postpartum depression compared to new mothers with no family history of mental health disorders. According to Bauer, it's important for new mothers and their families to be aware that postpartum depression is a common psychiatric condition and not a personal failing. Some women, she noted, can feel guilty about being depressed at a time when they think they're "supposed to" be happy. "A new mother should not feel shame about this," Bauer said. She also stressed that there are effective treatments for depression, both medication and counseling. It is normal to be tired or have mood swings after giving birth, Bauer said: A new mother is caring for a newborn, short on sleep, going through body changes and dealing with a major life adjustment. But some mood and behavior changes, Bauer said, can be red flags, such as feeling too run down to get out of bed, or being unable to sleep; strong feelings of sadness or anxiety; appetite loss; and disinterest in activities you once enjoyed. More information The March of Dimes has more on postpartum depression. SOURCES: Mette-Marie Zacher Kjeldsen, MSc, doctoral student, National Center for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Anna Bauer, MPH, PhD, assistant professor, psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine; JAMA Psychiatry, Aug. 17, 2022, online Copyright © 2022 HealthDay. All rights reserved.

Hypertension in Pregnancy Is Getting More Common for Gen Z Women

By By Steven Reinberg HealthDay Reporter, HealthDay Reporter (HEALTHDAY) MONDAY, Aug. 29, 2022 (HealthDay News) -- Gen Zers and millennials are about twice as likely to develop high blood pressure during pregnancy than women from the baby boom generation were, a new study finds. This includes conditions such as preeclampsia and gestational hypertension. Recommended Videos Powered by AnyClip Apple product announcement 'more of the same' -CIO 18.1K Play Video Ad: (10) Apple product announcement 'more of the same' -CIONOW PLAYING Two women drive the metro for the first time in Egypt 'The grass is gone': Texas drought means more cattle facing slaughter 12 more die in floods near Pakistan's Manchar lake Pakistan's homeless flood victitms ask for more aid It's usually believed that the odds of developing high blood pressure during pregnancy rise with the age of the mother, but after taking age into account, researchers discovered that women born in and after 1981 were still at greater risk. "While there are many reasons for the generational changes observed, we hypothesize that this is, in large part, due to the observed generational decline in heart health," said study co-author Dr. Sadiya Khan, an assistant professor at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago. "We are seeing more people in more recent generations entering pregnancy with risk factors such as obesity." She emphasized that the stakes are high. "High blood pressure during pregnancy is a leading cause of death for both mom and baby," Khan said in a school news release. "High blood pressure during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of heart failure and stroke in the mother and increased risk of the baby being born prematurely, being growth restricted or dying." The researchers drew numbers from the National Vital Statistics System Natality Database. The study, which included data from more than 38 million women, focused on first pregnancies that occurred between 1995 and 2019. These numbers allowed them to match high blood pressure-related disorders during pregnancy with mothers' birth year and race or ethnicity. They found that the highest rates were among American Indian, Alaskan Native and Black women. "This is the first multi-generational study that moves beyond the age of the mom or the calendar year of the delivery to understand patterns of hypertension in pregnancy," Khan said. "This is especially important when we look at the legacy of substantial racial and ethnic disparities in this high-risk condition that affects not only the mom but also the baby," she said. "This sets up a vicious cycle of generational health decline by starting life with poorer heart health." Co-author Dr. Natalie Cameron, an instructor of medicine at Northwestern, said the findings call for a new approach to screening. "The public health and clinical message from this work is the need to broaden our perspective on screening and expand our focus on prevention in all age groups before and during pregnancy, particularly among younger people who have traditionally not been considered at high risk," Cameron said in the release. Khan agreed. "Prevention and earlier identification can be lifesaving and improve the health of future generations beginning at birth," she said. The study was published online Aug. 24 in JAMA Open Network. More information The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has more about high blood pressure during pregnancy. SOURCE: Northwestern Medicine, news release, Aug. 24, 2022 Copyright © 2022 HealthDay. All rights reserved. Tags: pregnancy, high blood pressure, race

Pregnant Women Face Exposures to Dangerous Chemicals Daily

By By Steven Reinberg HealthDay Reporter, HealthDay Reporter (HEALTHDAY) TUESDAY, Aug. 30, 2022 (HealthDay News) -- Pregnant women are exposed to toxic chemicals in dishware, hair coloring, plastics and pesticides that can heighten their risk of cancer and harm child development, a new study warns. Recommended Videos Powered by AnyClip Pregnant Pakistanis face risky journey to give birth 722 Play Video Pregnant Pakistanis face risky journey to give birthNOW PLAYING Sri Lanka readies for oil spill from cargo ship Cher says Kaavan will no longer be a prisoner The tiny Alaskan island fighting for its future Sea of litter and tents left behind after Reading festival Melamine and its major byproduct, cyanuric acid, were found in nearly all the 171 women in the study and levels were highest among women of color and those exposed to tobacco. In addition, four aromatic amines that are used in dyes and pigments were also found in nearly all pregnant participants. "These chemicals are of serious concern due to their links to cancer and developmental toxicity, yet they are not routinely monitored in the United States," researcher Tracey Woodruff said in a news release from the University of California, San Francisco. She directs the university's Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment. Melamine is found in dishware, plastics, flooring, kitchen counters and pesticides. Cyanuric acid is used as a disinfectant, plastic stabilizer and cleaning solvent in swimming pools. Aromatic amines are found in hair dye, mascara, tattoo ink, paint, tobacco smoke and diesel exhaust, the researchers said. People can be exposed to the chemicals through the air they breathe, through ingestion or using products that contain plastic, dyes and pigments. When exposure to melamine and cyanuric acid happens together, they can be more toxic than either one alone, researchers said in background notes. For the study, the investigators measured 45 chemicals linked with cancer and other risks in urine samples from a diverse group of 171 women who were part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health's Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes Program. "It's disconcerting that we continue to find higher levels of many of these harmful chemicals in people of color," said study co-author Jessie Buckley, an associate professor at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore. For example, levels of 3,4-dichloroaniline (a chemical used in the production of dyes and pesticides) were more than 100% higher among Black and Hispanic women compared with white women. "Our findings raise concerns for the health of pregnant women and fetuses since some of these chemicals are known carcinogens and potential developmental toxicants," said co-author Giehae Choi, a postdoctoral fellow at the Bloomberg School of Public Health. "Regulatory action is clearly needed to limit exposure."

What happens at each stage of breast cancer?

Breast cancer stages aim to describe how far cancer has progressed. The stage will affect the different symptoms and treatment options. Doctors use various ways to stage breast cancer. Four broad stages define where the cancer is, whether it is still in its original location or if it has spread to other parts of the body. However, a doctor will also use other systems and information to identify the stage and decide which treatment is most suitable and what the outlook is likely to be. It is worth noting that the stage is not the only factor that affects treatment and other decisions. Other considerations include markers such as hormone receptivity, the cancer grade, the type, the person’s overall health, and so on. Each case will be different. However, a doctor can help the individual understand how cancer will affect them and what to expect. The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) oversees the staging of breast cancer. As a result, all cancer doctors describe and classify the stages of cancer in the same way. AJCC’s staging is the most commonly used method for breast cancer and allows all doctors to describe, classify, and stage cancer in the same way. It involves two systems: pathological staging and clinical staging. BEZZY COMMUNITY Shared Breast Cancer Stories and More Tap into community conversations discussing breast cancer diagnoses, backed by our powerful BC community. Bezzy BC: empowered by each other. Identifying the stage Iru Meladze/EyeEm/Getty Images One way to identify the stage is to look at body tissue and see how far cancer cells have spread. This gives the following broad stages: In situ: There is a change in cells that could become cancerous and invade other tissue over time. Localized: A tumor is present but has not spread. Regional: Cancer has spread beyond the original location to nearby lymph nodes. Distant or metastatic: Cancer has spread to other parts of the body and other organs beyond the original location. However, this description alone does not reflect the complexities of breast cancer. For this reason, doctors also use other methods and other informationTrusted Source. TNM staging Crucial to breast cancer staging is the TNM system. The letters TNM mean the following: T = tumor: This indicates the extent or size of the tumor and how much breast tissue it involves. N = nodes: This shows whether cancer has spread to the lymph nodes and how many it has affected. M = metastasis: This is when cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as distant organs, tissues, and the bones. The TNM staging system also uses numbersTrusted Source. The numbers, from 0 to 4, describe the stage, and information from the TNM staging helps determine the number. Other factors affecting treatment options and outlook are the status and grade. Tumor status A doctor will use test results showing the presence and absence of specific biomarkers to assess the tumor status. They will ask one or more of the following questions while reviewing the results: Are there estrogen-receptor proteins (Is is ER+ or ER-)? Are there progesterone receptor proteins (Is it PR+ or PR-)? Does it produce high levels of a protein HER2 (Is it HER2+ or HER2-)? Is it triple negative, in other words, EE-, PR- and HER2-? What genetic patternsTrusted Source show up if genetic testing is done? Cancer grading The grade indicates how fast cancer is likely to grow and to what extent they look like normal cells. It can be: Grade 1 or low grade: The cells look similar to healthy tissue and will likely grow slowly. Grade 2 or intermediate grade: The cells looks somewhat different and will likely grow at a moderate rate. Grade 3 or high grade: The cells look very different and may be fast growing. Diagnostic tests To determine the stage, a doctor may perform tests, including: a physical examination blood tests biopsies CT and PET scans MRI X-rays, including a mammogram ultrasounds It is also worth noting that, while initial tests can help stage and grade cancer, the doctor may need to revise their decision as more information becomes available. Lab tests on a tumor after surgery, for example, may provide information that is different from the results of a biopsy because there is more tissue to analyze.

Invasive lobular breast cancer: Prognosis and statistics

Invasive lobular carcinoma is the second most common type of breast cancer. It affects the lobules of the breast, which are the structures that contain the glands that produce breast milk. According to the American Cancer SocietyTrusted Source, about 10 percent of people who get invasive breast cancer have invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). Approximately 80 percentTrusted Source of people with invasive breast cancer have invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). It is the most common type of breast cancer, and it affects the ducts that carry milk through the breast. If a lobular breast cancer is invasive, this means that it has spread beyond the lobule to other parts of the breast. In some people, it spreads beyond the breast tissue into other parts of the body. ILC can develop at any age, but it tends to be more common in older people. Some evidence suggests that using hormonal replacement therapy after menopause may increase the riskTrusted Source. In this article, learn more about the prognosis and survival rates for ILC, as well as how doctors treat the disease. BEZZY COMMUNITY Shared Breast Cancer Stories and More Tap into community conversations discussing breast cancer diagnoses, backed by our powerful BC community. Bezzy BC: empowered by each other. Prognosis Laurent Hamels/Getty Images The prognosis (future outlook) after a cancer diagnosis depends on several factors, including: the size of the cancer whether the cancer has spread and where it has spread to a person’s age a person’s general state of health the effectiveness of the treatment the cancer grade, which measures how abnormal the cells appear at a microscopic level the results of certain markers, including estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2/neu The prognosis also varies depending on the stage of the cancer. A lower number means that the cancer is in an earlier stage, while a higher number means that the cancer has advanced. Survival rate A survival rate can show how many people with the same type and stage of cancer are still living 5 or more years after receiving the diagnosis. These statistics do not take age or overall health into consideration. In general, if doctors diagnose and treat cancer in the early stages, survival rates tend to be higher. If cancer has advanced, for example by spreading beyond the breast tissue, survival rates are likely to be lower. Depending on the stage of breast cancer, the general 5-year survival rates for women are: Stage 0 or 1: nearly 100 percent Stage 2: about 93 percent Stage 3: around 72 percent Stage 4: approximately 22 percent Treatment Doctors can treat ILC in two ways: locally and systemically. Local treatments for ILC target the tumor and the area that immediately surrounds it. These treatments can include surgery, such as a lumpectomy or mastectomy, or radiation therapy that directly attacks the cancer. Systemic treatments for ILC attack cancer cells that have spread beyond the breast tissue. Chemotherapy and hormonal therapy are the two main systemic treatments for ILC. Targeted therapies such as palbociclib or verzenio are often used for advanced stages, particularly stage 4 breast cancer. Depending on how advanced the cancer is, a doctor may recommend a combination of local and systemic treatments. Most invasive breast cancers (even stage 1) can be treated with a combination therapies such as surgery and hormonal therapy or surgery and radiation. An oncologist, or cancer specialist, will help determine the best treatment plan for each person. They will take several factors into account, including the person’s general health and the grade and stage of the cancer. BEZZY COMMUNITY Shared Breast Cancer Stories and More Tap into community conversations discussing breast cancer diagnoses, backed by our powerful BC community. Bezzy BC: empowered by each other. Remission If treatment cures cancer, this means that it destroys all of the cancer cells, and they do not return. Although this is the goal of treatment, it is not always possible. Often, cancer goes into remission, meaning the patient has no evidence of cancer. A person may have few or no clinical symptoms, but cancer cells still exist in the body. Some doctors consider someone whose cancer has been in remission for 5 years or more. Cancer cells can survive in the body for many years. If a cancer recurs after the initial treatment, most tend to do so within the first 5 years of diagnosis. During remission, a doctor carefully checks for any indications of the cancer’s return, as well as for any late side effects of treatment. Summary Receiving a cancer diagnosis can be stressful, and many people worry about the outcome. When doctors diagnose ILC in early stages, survival rates are higher. There are several treatment options for ILC, depending on the stage and nature of the cancer. Joining a support group and talking to loved ones can help a person cope with the challenges of a cancer diagnosis. Article resources Breast cancer stages. (2022). https://www.breastcancer.org/pathology-report/breast-cancer-stages Invasive breast cancer (IDC/ILC). (2021). https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/about/types-of-breast-cancer/invasive-breast-cancer.htmlTrusted Source Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). (2022). https://www.breastcancer.org/types/invasive-lobular-carcinoma Li, C. I.,et al. (2015). Use of menopausal hormone therapy and risk of ductal and lobular breast cancer among women 55–74 years of age. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4075765/Trusted Source Survival rates for breast cancer. (2021). https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/understanding-a-breast-cancer-diagnosis/breast-cancer-survival-rates.htmlTrusted Source Understanding cancer prognosis. (2019). https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/prognosis

What happens when a woman has low testosterone?

A woman’s testosterone levels naturally change throughout her life, her menstrual cycle, and even at different times of the day. A woman with low testosterone does not contain enough to help produce new blood cells, maintain sex drive, or boost levels of other reproductive hormones. Testosterone belongs to a group of hormones known as androgens. Testosterone levels affect: fertility sex drive red blood cell production muscle mass and fat distribution Most people think of testosterone as a male sex hormone, but everyone requires a certain amount. While males have more testosterone than females, female adrenal glands and ovaries produce small amounts of this hormone. According to the University of Rochester Medical Center, a woman should have a total of 15–70 nanograms per deciliter (ng/dl) of testosterone in her blood. At this time, there are no conclusive guidelines for what should be considered “low” testosterone levels in women. Symptoms A woman with low testosterone may feel tired and lethargic. Low testosterone can cause one or more of the following symptoms in women: sluggishness muscle weakness fatigue sleep disturbances reduced sex drive decreased sexual satisfaction weight gain fertility issues irregular menstrual cycles vaginal dryness loss of bone density It is important to note that research in this area is still limited. Because the symptoms linked to low testosterone are so common, a doctor will look for signs of other issues or conditions before making a diagnosis. The doctor may check for: depression anxiety chronic stress thyroid disease transition to menopause Causes Testosterone levels naturally reduce with age and the menopause. The two main causes of low testosterone are: diminishing levels of the hormone as a normal result of menopause and aging problems with the ovaries or the pituitary or adrenal glands. Testosterone decreases naturally as a woman ages. Levels of other hormones, such as estrogen, also reduce over time, especially when a woman reaches menopause. Around the time that menopause begins, a woman may be more likely to have less testosterone because the ovaries are producing fewer hormones. Also, medications that combat the side effects of menopause can lower testosterone levels. One such medicine is oral estrogen. Problems with the ovariesTrusted Source and adrenal glandsTrusted Source can also cause lower levels of testosterone. A woman may have reduced levels if her ovaries have been removed, for example, or if she has adrenal insufficiency, which means that the adrenal glands do not work correctly. Diagnosis There is currently a lack of research into the treatment of low testosterone in women. Many doctors are much more concerned about testosterone levels that are too high. In 2014, a task force recommended against routinely measuring testosterone levels in women, as research has yet to prove a link between testosterone levels and symptoms. If a woman reports any of the symptoms listed above, a doctor will likely check for other, more common, conditions first. To diagnose low testosterone in women, a doctor will start with a physical exam and ask about any symptoms. If the doctor suspects low testosterone, they will order a blood test. If a woman has not yet reached menopause, the doctor will likely advise on the best time to test the testosterone levels. This is because they fluctuate throughout the menstrual cycle. Treatment Improving sleep quality may help the symptoms of low testosterone. Some estrogen replacement drugs contain testosterone. However, the quantity of testosterone in the drugs may not be enough to raise levels, or the body may not be able to absorb them sufficiently. A doctor may administer testosterone injections or pellets, expecting these treatments to have the same effect on women as on men: raising energy levels, decreasing fatigue, and increasing the sex drive. However, many doctors advise women not to take testosterone. Likewise, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have approved few testosterone-based treatments for women. This is because the side effects can include: hair loss acne excess facial hair a deepening voice an enlarged clitoris The 2014 task force advised against treating low testosterone levels in women due to a lack of research. However, they noted as an exception that women with a condition called hypoactive sexual desire disorder should receive treatment. A doctor may instead recommend alternative therapies to treat the symptoms of low testosterone in women. These treatments and lifestyle changes can include: sex therapy taking steps to manage stress getting enough sleep eating a healthful diet taking over-the-counter dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplements DHEA is a steroid hormone that is also produced by the adrenal glands. Supplements are also available to purchase online. The Endocrine Society advise against routine supplementation with DHEA, however, as researchers have yet to prove that supplementation is safe and efficient in the long term. The side effects of DHEA supplementation can be similar to those of excess testosterone. Takeaway Doctors and researchers still do not fully understand how low testosterone levels affect women or how best to treat the deficiency. Testosterone levels change as a person ages, and they may drop as a woman approaches menopause. If a woman experiences symptoms of low testosterone, the results of a blood test can help a doctor to make a diagnosis. Never take testosterone replacement therapy without a doctor’s recommendation. Supplements and replacement therapies may cause more unpleasant side effects than they relieve.

What causes high testosterone in women?

While testosterone is considered a male sex hormone, females produce small amounts in the ovaries and adrenal glands. High levels can be caused by certain conditions and may affect physical appearance and overall health. Together with the female sex hormone estrogen, testosterone plays a role in the growth and maintenance of female reproductive tissue and bone mass. These hormones also influence behavior. In this article, learn about conditions that cause high testosterone in females, as well as about symptoms and treatment. A note about sex and gender Sex and gender exist on spectrums. This article will use the terms, “male,” “female,” or both to refer to sex assigned at birth. Click here to learn more. ‘Normal’ testosterone levels According to the American Urology Association, average blood levels of testosterone in males are at least 300 nanograms per deciliter (ng/dL). Females secrete much lower amounts, with average levels considered to be between 15 and 70 ng/dL. The level of hormones produced in the body varies each day and throughout the day. However, testosterone levels are generally highest in the morning. Symptoms of high testosterone in females may include mood changes, a deep voice, thinning hair, and acne. Image credit: iStock Testosterone imbalances in females can affect their physical appearance and overall health. Symptoms of high testosterone in females includeTrusted Source: acne deep voice excess hair on the face and body increased muscle mass irregular periods larger-than-average clitoris loss of libido mood changes reduction in breast size thinning hair Severely high levels of testosterone in females can cause obesity and infertility. Causes of high testosterone in females High testosterone in females is usually caused by an underlying medical condition, such as: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) CAH is the term given to a group of inherited disorders that affect the adrenal glands. These glands secreteTrusted Source the hormones cortisol and aldosterone, which play a role in managing metabolism and blood pressure. The adrenal glands also produce the male sex hormones DHEA and testosterone. People with CAH lack one of the enzymes necessary to regulate the production of these hormones, so they secrete too little cortisol and too much testosterone. CAH may be mild (nonclassic CAH) or severe (classic CAH). Symptoms in females includeTrusted Source: deep voice early appearance of pubic hair enlarged clitoris excess body hair facial hair irregular or absent menstrual periods severe acne shorter height as an adult after rapid childhood growth While there is no cure for CAH, most people with the condition can receive treatment that will reduce symptoms and improve their quality of life. Hirsutism Hirsutism is characterized by unwanted hair growth in females. It is a hormonal condition thought to be linked to genetics. Symptoms include male-pattern hair growth that is dark and coarse. It typically affects the: back chest face In cases of excessively high testosterone, other symptoms will also be present, includingTrusted Source: acne balding deepening voice enlarged clitoris increased muscle mass reduced breast size Home remedies and medical treatments help many people control the symptoms of hirsutism. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) PCOS is a common hormonal disorder that affects females of reproductive age. It is estimated that PCOS affects between 6–12%Trusted Source of people in the United States. People are not usually diagnosed until they are in their 20s and 30s. However, children as young as 11 years old can be affected. Symptoms of PCOS includeTrusted Source: enlarged ovaries that develop follicles and do not release eggs regularly excess body hair irregular, infrequent, or long menstrual periods PCOS may leadTrusted Source to several health complications, including: depression heart disease infertility miscarriage obesity sleep apnea type 2 diabetes Doctors do not know what causes PCOS, although excess insulin and genetics may playTrusted Source a role. Diagnosis of high testosterone in females A doctor may order a blood sample to diagnose high testosterone in females. Image credit: Shutterstock A doctor can diagnose high testosterone in females based on the following: Physical examination During a physical examination, the doctor will look for symptoms such as: acne excess body hair facial hair growth They will also inquire about: libido menstrual cycle abnormalities mood changes If PCOS is suspected, the doctor may visually and manually examine the pelvic region to look for abnormalities. Blood test If symptoms suggest high testosterone levels, the doctor will take a blood sample and have hormone levels tested. They may also check glucose and cholesterol levels. Usually, the blood will be drawn in the morning when testosterone levels are highest. Ultrasound To check for PCOS, the doctor may perform an ultrasound of the ovaries and uterus. Treatment of high testosterone in females The treatment recommended for high testosterone will depend on its underlying cause. Typically, a doctor will recommend both lifestyle changes and medication. Some treatments may also be used to control unwanted hair. Medication High testosterone and associated conditions can be treated with the following medications: Eflornithine: This is a cream applied directly to the skin that slows the growth of new facial hair. Glucocorticosteroids: This is a type of steroid hormone that reducesTrusted Source inflammation in the body. Metformin: This is a treatment for type 2 diabetes, which is sometimes used to lower blood sugar and insulin levels in people with PCOS. Progestin: This is a hormone that may regulateTrusted Source periods and improve fertility. Spironolactone: This is a diuretic that helps balance water and salt levels and reduces excessive female hair growth. Oral contraceptives may also be prescribed, as this treatment helps to block excess testosterone. According to a 2019 review, pairing oral contraceptives that contain estrogen and progestin with antiandrogens and metformin may be most effective for the treatment of hirsutism. However, keep in mind that oral contraceptives may not be suitable for people who are trying to get pregnant, and they can also cause adverse side effects. Hair removal treatments Laser therapy may help to control unwanted hair. Image credit: Gilaxia/iStock Both electrolysis and laser therapy may be used to control unwanted hair. However, these treatments will not resolve an underlying hormonal imbalance. Electrolysis: This involves inserting a tiny needle into each hair follicle. A pulse of electric current travels through the needle and damages the follicle so that it cannot grow new hair. Multiple treatments may be required. Laser therapy: During this treatment, laser light is applied to the hair follicles to damage them. Again, multiple treatments may be required. Note that these hair removal treatments can cause adverse reactions and may have other associated risks. Anyone with a hormonal imbalance should speak with a doctor before trying medical treatments for excess hair growth. Lifestyle changes Some lifestyle changes can reduce high testosterone in females, while others simply manage symptoms. Here are a few lifestyle changes that may be beneficial: Reach and maintain a moderate weight: Some research shows that losing even 5–10%Trusted Source of body weight can improve fertility, help to balance menstrual cycles, and reduce symptoms in people with PCOS. Follow a balanced diet: A person can improveTrusted Source symptoms of PCOS by following a nutritious, well-rounded diet and limiting their intake of foods high in sugar, refined carbs, saturated fat, and trans fat. Manage unwanted hair growth: A person can choose to treat their facial and body hair growth by plucking, shaving, waxing, or using chemical depilatories. Others bleach their hair to make it less visible. Takeaway High testosterone in females can cause a range of symptoms, from excess facial hair to infertility, and is usually caused by an underlying medical condition. Treating the underlying disorder will often reduce symptoms and improve a person’s quality of life. People who are or think they may be experiencing high testosterone symptoms should consult a doctor to determine the cause and to determine the best course of treatment.

What are some medications for edema?

Edema refers to swelling caused by liquid trapped in the body’s tissue. It can occur anywhere in the body, but a person is more likely to notice it in the hands, feet, arms, or legs. Edema can have many causesTrusted Source, such as heart failure, diabetes, pregnancy, liver disease, and kidney disease. Some cases of edema do not require treatment. However, when they do, a doctor will typically treat the underlying cause to help the condition. They may also prescribe medications to help reduce fluids in the body. This article reviews some of the medications doctors may use to treat edema. Learn more about edema here. Prescription medications at a glance Westend61/Getty Images Treatment may include either prescription diuretics or anticoagulants. The tables below outline common medications to treat edema. What is the first-line medication to treat edema? Treatment for edema can vary widely basedTrusted Source on the underlying condition. People over the age of 50 may develop edema due to poor circulation. Younger people can develop the condition due to pregnancy, heart failure, liver failure, renal failure, or trauma. When treating edema directly, the first-line medication choice tends to be loop diuretics. In some cases, a doctor may recommendTrusted Source using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to treat pain and swelling. A person who experiences swelling for unknown reasons should talk with a doctor about it, particularly if it lasts longer than a few days. Learn more about NSAIDs here. Over-the-counter medications Over-the-counter (OTC) medications are not available to treat edema. A person can buy OTC diuretics, but they are primarily for helping a person lose water weight associated with their menstrual cycle or other mild conditions. If someone has unexplained swelling and puffiness, they should inform a doctor. A doctor mayTrusted Source perform a thorough physical exam and order blood tests and ultrasounds to determine the cause. They may also review a person’s current medications. Certain medications can trigger edema, includingTrusted Source: certain vitamins NSAIDs hormone treatments calcium channel blockers A closer look at loop diuretics A doctor may prescribe medication to treat the underlying cause of edema. They may also prescribe either loop diuretic or anticoagulant medication. Loop diuretics include: Furosemide (Lasix) Furosemide is a type of loop diuretic. Doctors may prescribe it for various conditions that can cause edema, includingTrusted Source congestive heart failure, liver failure, or renal failure. The brand name is Lasix. It comes in several doses based on the formulationTrusted Source: oral tablet: 20, 40, and 80 mg injectable solutions: 10 mg/ml oral solutions: 8 or 10 mg/ml If a person experiences the following side effects from furosemide, and they are persistent and severe, they should tell a doctor: frequent urination blurred vision headache constipation diarrhea If a person experiences the following side effects, they should seek immediate medical treatment: decreased urination dry mouth thirst nausea vomiting weakness drowsiness confusion muscle pain or cramps pounding or fast heart rate fever ringing in the ears loss of hearing rash hives blisters or peeling skin itching difficulty breathing or swallowing yellowing of the skin or eyes Learn more about furosemide here. Bumetanide (Bumex) Bumetanide is a diuretic that doctors prescribeTrusted Source to treat edema caused by kidney, liver, or heart failure. The brand name is Bumex. Bumetanide comes in several doses, includingTrusted Source:

9 of the best multivitamins for women 2022

and overall health. Some multivitamins are targeted toward females specifically to meet their unique nutritional needs. Multivitamins can benefit pregnancy and overall health, though they may not contain the daily amount of each vitamin or mineral recommended. Sex and gender exist on spectrums. For the purposes of this article, we use “male” and “female” to refer to a person’s sex assigned at birth. Learn more. A quick look at the best multivitamins for women Best for traceable ingredients: Ritual Essential for Women: Multivitamin 18+ Best personalized: Care/of Multivitamins Best sustainable: Persona Best low cost: Nature Made Women’s Multivitamin 50+ Softgels Best organic: Garden of Life mykind Organics Women’s Multi Best for older adults: Thorne Women’s Multi 50+ Best prenatal and nursing: Rainbow Light Prenatal One Best for athletes: Optimum Nutrition Opti Women Multivitamin Best chewable: OLLY The Perfect Women’s Multi When researching multivitamins to try, a person may wish to look for independent tests of the product they are interested in taking. These test standards include the United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP), which tests products for purity. This is because the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Trusted Source does not evaluate the safety of multivitamin products before they become available for sale. This article explains why a person may need to take multivitamins, what ingredients they typically include, and some multivitamin brands to try. Males and females often benefit from differing vitamin and mineral types, quantities, and combinations. With this in mind, some pharmaceutical companies develop specific formulas of supplements, vitamins, shakes, and health bars to benefit either male or female biology. A person should discuss their options with a doctor or healthcare professional who can help them decide, and choose the product they feel works best for them and their needs. What are multivitamins? When a person talks about multivitamins, they may be referring to those that people typically take once daily. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH)Trusted Source, these multivitamins often include all the essential nutrients an individual needs daily. Experts have linked vitamin deficiencies to several chronic conditions, including: coronary heart disease cancer osteoporosis A 2017 studyTrusted Source states that vitamin D deficiency may lead to chronic disorders, such as bone metabolic disorder, tumors, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. The National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM) notes that multivitamins may help reduce a person’s risk of developing eye disease and type 2 diabetes. However, it is important to note that the studies it references are around 15 years old. More recent studies do not confirm the benefits of taking multivitamins. For example, in a 2020 study, the researchers stated that although participants self-reported improvements in their health after using multivitamins, there were no measurable health changes. The authors conclude that the participants’ positive expectations and views on their health contributes to use of multivitamins.

4 vaginal pH tests for at-home use

The vagina is a slightly acidic environment, with a pH of less than 4.5. Higher pH levels allow bacteria and yeasts to thrive, and this can result in bacterial and yeast infections. Vaginal pH tests measure the acidity of the vagina on a scale of 1–14, with lower readings indicating greater acidity. They can help indicate whether vaginal symptoms may be due to an infection that requires treatment. This article describes what a vaginal pH test is and lists some of the best at-home vaginal pH tests available. We also provide information on when to get a vaginal pH test, how to choose the best one, and what to do if vaginal pH levels are outside the normal range. Finally, we answer some FAQs about vaginal pH. Quick links Most discreet: Stix Vaginal pH Test for Yeast Infections Best for regular use: Nutrablast Feminine pH Test Strips Full Range 1–14 Best for pH monitoring: Loyal All My [pH]eels Full Range pH Test Strips Most secure: SEROFlora Feminine pH Test Strips What is a vaginal pH test? A vaginal pH test measures the acidity of the vagina on a scale of 1–14Trusted Source, with lower readings indicating greater acidity. People who experience vaginal symptoms may use a vaginal pH test to help determine whether they have a bacterial or yeast infection. The test involves placing a swab against the wall of the vagina for a specified amount of time. The swab holds a piece of pH paper that changes color. The test kit contains a chart that allows a person to match the color of their test strip with the corresponding color on the chart to determine their vaginal pH. How we chose MNT chooses at-home tests that meet the following criteria: Laboratories: Where possible, MNT will choose companies that process test samples in CLIA-certifiedTrusted Source labs. This means they follow state and federal regulations. Budget: MNT chooses at-home tests that suit a wide range of budgets. Privacy: MNT includes companies that offer robust and transparent privacy measures, such as data protection and discreet packaging. Test result speed: MNT selects companies that inform customers of when they will receive their test results and whether they will receive them via email, app, or phone. Further support: MNT will indicate whether a company offers further support, such as a follow-up phone consultation with a doctor to discuss test results. Best vaginal pH tests Please note that the writer of this article has not tried these products. All information presented is purely research-based and correct at the time of publication. Medical News Today follows a strict product selection and vetting process. Learn more here. Most discreet: Stix Vaginal pH Test for Yeast Infections Cost: $11 for two tests Stix is a company that manufactures tests for the following uses: measuring vaginal pH levels detecting urinary tract infections detecting pregnancy understanding other women’s health issues Stix Vaginal pH Test for Yeast Infections is a discrete vaginal pH testing kit. The website states that the test delivers results in 2 minutes. The kit includes easy-to-follow instructions. Stix offers a subscription service for regular test delivery. Despite company claims, the test cannot tell a person whether they have a yeast infection. However, it can indicate whether a person should book an appointment with their doctor.

Vaginal pH balance: Symptoms, remedies, and tests

Typical vaginal pH level What causes unbalanced vaginal pH?? How to maintain vaginal pH balance Summary Maintaining the pH balance of the vagina is essential to keeping it healthy. The normal pH level of the vagina is between 3.8 and 5. Doctors can take a vaginal pH measurement to determine how acidic the vaginal environment is. It is also possible to test this at home. In the vagina, a high pH may cause infections as it can allow bacteria and yeast to thrive. In this article, learn more about normal vaginal pH levels, how to test them at home, and what to do to restore vaginal pH balance. Typical vaginal pH level Clique Images/Stocksy A normal vaginal pH is between 3.8 and 5Trusted Source. A pH level within this range can help to keep bacterial and fungal infections at bay. This range is moderately acidic. What is considered a “normal” vaginal pH level varies by age. A woman of reproductive age would have a normal vaginal pH between 4.0 to 4.5Trusted Source, while women who have yet to begin menstruating or who are postmenopausal may have a normal vaginal pH higher than 4.5Trusted Source Lactobacilli bacteria live in the vagina and secrete lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide, which give the vagina its acidic pH level. Vaginal pH is usually less than 4.5 during a woman’s reproductive years unless a condition or infection raises it. What causes unbalanced vaginal pH? Several conditions and infections can affect the vaginal pH balance, usually by increasing pH levels. Causes of changes in vaginal pH include the following: Bacterial vaginosis Bacterial vaginosis is a medical condition that occurs when too much bacteria is present in the vagina. This can cause an increase in vaginal pH levels. A person with bacterial vaginosis may experience itching, burning, or pain in the vagina. They may also feel a burning sensation when urinating and notice a white or gray discharge. Douching Douching refers to washing or cleaning the vagina using particular solutions, such as those containing vinegar or baking soda. These solutions claim to reduce vaginal odor, but, in fact, they may worsen the smell. This is because they wash out good bacteria, which affects the vaginal pH balance and can make someone more prone to infections. Menopause Vaginal pH levels can be an indication of menopausal statusTrusted Source. Women who are postmenopausal may have a slightly higher vaginal pH than women of reproductive age. Reduced estrogen levels during menopause may affect a person’s vaginal pH. Other vaginal infections The presence of infections other than bacterial vaginosis may also increase the vaginal pH. Examples include Trichomonas vaginalis and group B Streptococcus (GBS). Presence of menstrual blood Blood has a higher pH than the vaginal environment. When a person is menstruating, the presence of menstrual blood can increase vaginal pH levels. Presence of semen Semen is basic, which is the opposite of the vagina’s acidic environment. When semen enters the vagina, it may temporarily increase the pH. Taking antibiotics People use antibiotics to kill harmful bacteria, but these medications can kill good bacteria as well. This will include bacteria in the vagina. If a person is taking antibiotics, their vaginal pH may be out of balance. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) UTIs do not cause a higher vaginal pH, but having a high pH can increase a person’s risk of developing a UTI. Reduced estrogen levels during perimenopause and menopause can put a person at risk of developing more frequent UTIs, as lower estrogen allows the vaginal pH to rise. Doctors may prescribe estrogen treatments to lower the vaginal pH and to prevent further UTIs. Other conditions How to maintain vaginal pH balance People can purchase home-testing kits that measure the pH balance of the vagina. These kits are available in some pharmacies and online. At-home testing can reveal elevated pH levels, which could indicate the presence of an infection. The test involves placing a strip of paper that measures pH against the wall of the vagina for a designated amount of time. After removing the paper, a person can compare the resulting color to those on a chart in the kit. Each color corresponds to a pH value. People should read all of the information that the test kit includes. This will include recommendations on the timing of the test, including not performing the test while menstruating or too soon after sex. If a person’s vaginal pH levels are routinely high without any symptoms of an infection, they can take several steps at home to reduce their pH levels. These include: Avoiding harsh soaps and douching. Soaps typically have a high pH, and using them to clean the vaginal area may increase vaginal pH. It is best to use warm water and a gentle cleanser to clean the vulva but to refrain from using soap inside the vagina. This will help to maintain the vaginal pH balance. Changing tampons regularly. Tampons should be changed every four to eight hours. This also helps reduces the risk of bacterial infections, including toxic shock syndrome (TSS). Using barrier protection during sex. Using barrier protection, such as condoms or dental dams, not only helps to prevent pregnancy and STIs but can prevent semen and other fluids from affecting pH levels in the vagina. Avoiding scented feminine hygiene products. Sprays, bubble baths and scented pads or tampons can increase the risk of yeast infections which can impact the pH of the vagina. Doctors can also prescribe creams, such as estrogen cream, which may help to reduce the vagina’s pH levels.

Complex Link Between Gut Microbiome and Immunotherapy Response in Advanced Melanoma

A large-scale meta-analysis has verified that the gut microbiome does influence patients' response to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in advanced melanoma, but the relationship appears to be more complex than previously thought. Overall, researchers identified a panel of species, including Roseburia spp. and Akkermansia muciniphila, associated with responses to ICI therapy. However, no single species was a "fully consistent biomarker" across the studies, the authors explain. This "machine learning analysis confirmed the link between the microbiome and overall response rates (ORRs) and progression-free survival (PFS) with ICIs but also revealed limited reproducibility of microbiome-based signatures across cohorts," Karla A. Lee, PhD, a clinical research fellow at King's College London, UK, and colleagues report. The results suggest that "the microbiome is predictive of response in some, but not all, cohorts." The findings were published online February 28 in Nature Medicine. Despite recent advances in targeted therapies for melanoma, less than half of the those who receive a single-agent ICI respond and those who receive combination ICI therapy often suffer from severe drug toxicity problems. That is why finding patients more likely to respond to a single-agent ICI has become a priority. Previous studies have identified the gut microbiome as "a potential biomarker of response as well as a therapeutic target" in melanoma and other malignancies, but "little consensus exists on which microbiome characteristics are associated with treatment responses in the human setting," the authors explain. To further clarify the microbiome–immunotherapy relationship, the researchers performed metagenomic sequencing of stool samples collected from 165 ICI-naive patients with unresectable stage III or IV cutaneous melanoma from 5 observational cohorts in the Netherlands, United Kingdom, and Spain. These data were integrated with 147 samples from publicly available datasets. First, the authors highlighted the variability in findings across these observational studies. For instance, they analyzed stool samples from one UK-based observational study of patients with melanoma (PRIMM-UK) and found a small but statistically significant difference in the microbiome composition of immunotherapy responders vs nonresponders (P = .05) but did not find such an association in a parallel study in the Netherlands (PRIMM-NL, P = .61). The investigators also explored biomarkers of response across different cohorts and found several standouts. In trials using ORR as an endpoint, two uncultivated Roseburia species (CAG:182 and CAG:471) were associated with responses to ICIs. For patients with available PFS data, Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens and Lactobacillus vaginalis were "enriched in responders" across 7 datasets, and significant in 3 of the 8 meta-analysis approaches. A muciniphila and Dorea formicigenerans were also associated with ORR and PFS at 12 months in several meta-analyses. However, "no single bacterium was a fully consistent biomarker of response across all datasets," the authors wrote. Still, the findings could have important implications for the more than 50% of patients with advanced melanoma who don't respond to single-agent ICI therapy. "Our study shows that studying the microbiome is important to improve and personalize immunotherapy treatments for melanoma," study co-author Nicola Segata, PhD, principal investigator in the Laboratory of Computational Metagenomics, University of Trento, Italy, said in a press release. "However, it also suggests that because of the person-to-person variability of the gut microbiome, even larger studies must be carried out to understand the specific gut microbial features that are more likely to lead to a positive response to immunotherapy." Co-author Tim Spector, PhD, head of the Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology at King's College London, added that "the ultimate goal is to identify which specific features of the microbiome are directly influencing the clinical benefits of immunotherapy to exploit these features in new personalized approaches to support cancer immunotherapy." In the meantime, he said, "this study highlights the potential impact of good diet and gut health on chances of survival in patients undergoing immunotherapy." This study was coordinated by King's College London, CIBIO Department of the University of Trento and European Institute of Oncology in Italy, and the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, and was funded by the Seerave Foundation. Lee, Segata, and Spector have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Complex Link Between Gut Microbiome and Immunotherapy Response in Advanced Melanoma

A large-scale meta-analysis has verified that the gut microbiome does influence patients' response to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in advanced melanoma, but the relationship appears to be more complex than previously thought. Overall, researchers identified a panel of species, including Roseburia spp. and Akkermansia muciniphila, associated with responses to ICI therapy. However, no single species was a "fully consistent biomarker" across the studies, the authors explain. This "machine learning analysis confirmed the link between the microbiome and overall response rates (ORRs) and progression-free survival (PFS) with ICIs but also revealed limited reproducibility of microbiome-based signatures across cohorts," Karla A. Lee, PhD, a clinical research fellow at King's College London, UK, and colleagues report. The results suggest that "the microbiome is predictive of response in some, but not all, cohorts." The findings were published online February 28 in Nature Medicine. Despite recent advances in targeted therapies for melanoma, less than half of the those who receive a single-agent ICI respond and those who receive combination ICI therapy often suffer from severe drug toxicity problems. That is why finding patients more likely to respond to a single-agent ICI has become a priority. Previous studies have identified the gut microbiome as "a potential biomarker of response as well as a therapeutic target" in melanoma and other malignancies, but "little consensus exists on which microbiome characteristics are associated with treatment responses in the human setting," the authors explain. To further clarify the microbiome–immunotherapy relationship, the researchers performed metagenomic sequencing of stool samples collected from 165 ICI-naive patients with unresectable stage III or IV cutaneous melanoma from 5 observational cohorts in the Netherlands, United Kingdom, and Spain. These data were integrated with 147 samples from publicly available datasets. First, the authors highlighted the variability in findings across these observational studies. For instance, they analyzed stool samples from one UK-based observational study of patients with melanoma (PRIMM-UK) and found a small but statistically significant difference in the microbiome composition of immunotherapy responders vs nonresponders (P = .05) but did not find such an association in a parallel study in the Netherlands (PRIMM-NL, P = .61). The investigators also explored biomarkers of response across different cohorts and found several standouts. In trials using ORR as an endpoint, two uncultivated Roseburia species (CAG:182 and CAG:471) were associated with responses to ICIs. For patients with available PFS data, Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens and Lactobacillus vaginalis were "enriched in responders" across 7 datasets, and significant in 3 of the 8 meta-analysis approaches. A muciniphila and Dorea formicigenerans were also associated with ORR and PFS at 12 months in several meta-analyses. However, "no single bacterium was a fully consistent biomarker of response across all datasets," the authors wrote. Still, the findings could have important implications for the more than 50% of patients with advanced melanoma who don't respond to single-agent ICI therapy. "Our study shows that studying the microbiome is important to improve and personalize immunotherapy treatments for melanoma," study co-author Nicola Segata, PhD, principal investigator in the Laboratory of Computational Metagenomics, University of Trento, Italy, said in a press release. "However, it also suggests that because of the person-to-person variability of the gut microbiome, even larger studies must be carried out to understand the specific gut microbial features that are more likely to lead to a positive response to immunotherapy." Co-author Tim Spector, PhD, head of the Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology at King's College London, added that "the ultimate goal is to identify which specific features of the microbiome are directly influencing the clinical benefits of immunotherapy to exploit these features in new personalized approaches to support cancer immunotherapy." In the meantime, he said, "this study highlights the potential impact of good diet and gut health on chances of survival in patients undergoing immunotherapy." This study was coordinated by King's College London, CIBIO Department of the University of Trento and European Institute of Oncology in Italy, and the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, and was funded by the Seerave Foundation. Lee, Segata, and Spector have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Monkeypox Vaccines: Q&A With the CDC's Agam Rao, MD

Two vaccines are available for monkeypox. Vaccine expert Agam Rao, MD, medical officer in CDC's Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, answers questions about their effectiveness and dosing. How effective is the smallpox vaccine against monkeypox, and how was it identified as potentially protective against monkeypox? Smallpox is the illness that is caused by variola virus, a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus. Monkeypox virus is in that same genus. For viruses within the same genus, we expect that a vaccine against one will be effective against the other. There are actually several different vaccines worldwide that are used for smallpox and other similar viruses. In the United States, we have two vaccines that are licensed for the prevention of smallpox: ACAM2000 and JYNNEOS. JYNNEOS happens to be licensed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for prevention of monkeypox as well. We don't have any reason to believe that either of these vaccines would differ in effectiveness for monkeypox vs smallpox because the two viruses are related. Do you have any data on how effective ACAM2000 and JYNNEOS are in preventing smallpox? JYNNEOS is a new vaccine and therefore was not used during the eradication campaign for smallpox, so we don't have any real-world data on how effective it would be in preventing smallpox. In terms of ACAM2000, its precursor, a drug called Dryvax, was used during the eradication campaign, and data indicated that it was 85% effective at preventing smallpox if it was given as postexposure prophylaxis within 4 days of an exposure. Even beyond that, if the drug was given up to 14 days after an exposure, it would then at least lessen the symptoms. We don't have data about the real-world effectiveness of these vaccines to prevent monkeypox, particularly in this outbreak. Have there been monkeypox cases in older individuals who had been given the smallpox vaccine? There have been cases of people who have gotten monkeypox despite being vaccinated as children or being vaccinated in the past. Vaccine effectiveness probably wanes over time. We are also aware of monkeypox cases in people who had received the JYNNEOS or ACAM2000 vaccine as part of the current outbreak. There's really no vaccine that's 100% effective. There are always going to be people who don't mount an appropriate immune response, either because they're immunocompromised or for any other reason. What data did the FDA look at to approve JYNNEOS for the prevention of smallpox and monkeypox? In addition to the FDA approving the vaccine, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, which is a group of vaccine experts who assemble to provide guidance to the CDC director for national vaccine recommendations, also recommended the JYNNEOS vaccine for the prevention of Orthopoxvirus infection for people with occupational risk. This was in November of last year and was unrelated to the current outbreak.

Pediatricians Urge Flu Vaccine for Kids

Attention parents: The nation's leading pediatric medical society is urging you to make sure your children get a flu shot this fall to prevent and control the spread of the illness. The American Academy of Pediatrics this week called on parents and caregivers to seek flu vaccines for their kids as soon as they are available in the fall. The group is encouraging parents to catch up on all other vaccines for their children, too. "As a pediatrician and a parent, I consider the flu vaccine as critical for all family members," Kristina A. Bryant, MD, said in a statement about the academy's recommendations. "We should not underestimate the flu, especially when other respiratory viruses like COVID-19 are circulating within our communities. Besides making your child miserable and wreaking havoc on your family's routine, influenza can also be serious and even deadly in children." Only 55% of children ages 6 months to 17 years had been vaccinated against influenza as of early April – down 2% from the previous April – and coverage levels were 8.1% lower for Black children compared with non-Hispanic white children, according to the CDC. In the 2019-2020 flu season, 188 children in the United States died of the infection, equaling the high mark for deaths set in the 2017-2018 season, the agency reported. American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines recommend children ages 6 months and older be vaccinated with the flu vaccine every year. Depending on the child's age and health, they may receive either a shot, which has an inactive version of the flu virus, or the nasal spray, which has a weakened form of the virus. (The academy has more information about the different vaccines here.) Children ages 6 to 8 months old who are getting flu vaccines for the first time should receive two doses at least 4 weeks apart. Pregnant women can get the flu vaccine any time in their pregnancy. Influenza vaccines are safe for developing fetuses, according to the academy. The group stressed the importance of flu vaccines for high-risk and medically vulnerable children and acknowledged the need to end barriers to immunizations for all people, regardless of income or insurance coverage. In 2020, an estimated 16.1% of children in the United States were living in poverty, up from 14.4% in 2019, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. Sources American Academy of Pediatrics: "American Academy of Pediatrics Urges Families to Get Children Vaccinated for Influenza to Prevent and Control Illness in 2022-23." HealthyChildren.org: "Which Flu Vaccine Should Children Get?" CDC: "2019-20 Season's Pediatric Flu Deaths Tie High Mark Set During 2017-18 Season." U.S. Census Bureau: "Income and Poverty in the United States: 2020."

Amazon Involved With New Cancer Vaccine Clinical Tria

Amazon is working with the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center to develop cancer vaccines in a new clinical trial. The trial is aimed at finding "personalized vaccines" to treat breast cancer and melanoma, a form of skin cancer. The phase 1 trial is recruiting 20 people over age 18 years to study the safety of the vaccines, according to CNBC. The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington Cancer Consortium are listed as the researchers of the clinical trial, and Amazon is listed as a collaborator, according to a filing on the ClinicalTrials.gov database. "Amazon is contributing scientific and machine learning expertise to a partnership with Fred Hutch to explore the development of a personalized treatment for certain forms of cancer," an Amazon spokesperson told CNBC. "It's very early, but Fred Hutch recently received permission from the US Food and Drug Administration to proceed with a phase 1 clinical trial, and it's unclear whether it will be successful," the spokesperson said. "This will be a long, multiyear process — should it progress, we would be open to working with other organizations in healthcare and life sciences that might also be interested in similar efforts." In recent years, Amazon has grown its presence in the healthcare industry, CNBC reported. The company launched an online pharmacy in 2020, developed a telehealth service called Amazon Care, and released its own COVID-19 test during the pandemic. A research and development group inside Amazon, known as Grand Challenge, oversaw the company's early cancer vaccine effort, according to Business Insider. It's now under the purview of a cancer research team that reports to Robert Williams, the company's vice president of devices. The study was first posted on ClinicalTrials.gov in October 2021 and began recruiting patients on June 9, according to the filing. The phase 1 trial is expected to run through November 2023. The phase 1 trial will study the safety of personalized vaccines to treat patients with late-stage melanoma or hormone receptor-positive HER2-negative breast cancer, which has either spread to other parts of the body or doesn't respond to treatment. More information about the study can be found on ClinicalTrials.gov under the identifier NCT05098210. Sources CNBC: "Amazon launches cancer vaccine clinical trial in partnership with Fred Hutchinson." ClinicalTrials.gov: "Personalized Neo-Antigen Peptide Vaccine for the Treatment of Stage IIC-IV Melanoma or Hormone Receptor Positive Her2 Negative Metastatic Refractory Breast Cancer," NCT05098210. Business Insider: "Amazon is quietly developing cancer vaccines in partnership with Fred Hutchinson and recruiting patients for a new clinical trial."